This article analyzes, from a scientific and legal perspective, the nature of defensive medicine, the reasons for its emergence, and the characteristics of its prevalence in the modern healthcare system. The study examines the impact of defensive medicine on clinical decision-making, the extent of physicians’ excessive caution driven by legal liability, and its effect on the quality of medical care. In addition, the legal, social, organizational, and psychological factors influencing the prevalence of this phenomenon are comprehensively examined.
The methodological basis of the study consists of a set of scientific and legal analysis methods; to reveal the essence of defensive medicine, a review of domestic and foreign scientific literature was conducted. Based on an analysis of the regulatory framework of the Republic of Kazakhstan and other countries, as well as a study of international experience, the prevalence of defensive medicine is assessed.
The results of the study justify the need to implement legal and organizational measures aimed at reducing the prevalence of defensive medicine.

The article discusses the prospects for the introduction of artificial intelligence technologies in the processes of alimony recovery in the Republic of Kazakhstan. The study is based on an analysis of international regulations, scientific publications, as well as the works of foreign authors reflecting the concepts of digitalization of justice and automation of law enforcement procedures.

The author substantiates the need to form a comprehensive digital system of enforcement proceedings that integrates interdepartmental databases and intelligent forecasting algorithms. The potential advantages and risks of using artificial intelligence, as well as possible threats to the principles of legality and justice, are shown. In conclusion, proposals are formulated to improve regulatory regulation, ethical standards, and organizational and technical mechanisms for the introduction of artificial intelligence into the enforcement of court decisions.

The article discusses the use of electronic tracking devices in relation to persons registered with the probation service in the Republic of Kazakhstan. The article analyzes the legal basis for the use of electronic monitoring, the practice of its application and emerging problems of an organizational, technical and legal nature. It is noted that electronic control is one of the effective tools of modern criminal policy aimed at expanding the use of alternative penalties not related to imprisonment. At the same time, the introduction of electronic tracking tools is accompanied by a number of difficulties related to insufficient regulation of certain procedures in legislation, technical infrastructure, and limited logistical resources. The article formulates proposals aimed at improving legal regulation and increasing the effectiveness of electronic monitoring in the probation system.

 The article provides a comparative legal analysis of international legal standards for ensuring economic security and examines their impact on the development of specific norms of the criminal law of the Republic of Kazakhstan.

In the course of the research, the author has examined the opinions of domestic and foreign scholars addressing this issue and conducted a comparative legal analysis of international legal standards for ensuring economic security, including the fight against corruption. The analysis aims to determine their influence on the evolution of the criminal law and legislation of the Republic of Kazakhstan, including the formulation of specific provisions within the Criminal Code concerning liability for criminal offenses in the sphere of economic activity and also for some corrupt criminal offenses.

Based on the results of the analysis, the author formulates conclusions and proposals directed toward the forwardlooking and consistent implementation of a number of progressive ideas and norms of international legal standards, alongside successful foreign legal experience, into national legislation through the phased transformation of the state's economic security system.

The article examines fraud as one of the most widespread forms of cybercrime. It analyzes the main foreign and domestic scientific approaches to defining the place of fraud within the system of cybercrime. Special attention is given to the phenomenon of social engineering, the victimological features of cyber‑fraud, and its interdisciplinary nature. It is argued that the digital environment has not changed the essence of fraud as deception and abuse of trust, but it has radically transformed its scale, methods of execution, mechanisms of impact on the victim, and the level of latency. The conclusion is that modern fraud should be viewed as a self‑serving act that combines elements of a property crime, informational tort, and socio‑psychological impact on the victim.

The article examines criminal law mechanisms for preventing fraud committed through information and telecommunication technologies. The purpose of the study is to identify the legal nature of digital fraud and to determine the role of criminal legislation, law enforcement practice, and organizational interaction of law enforcement agencies in its prevention. The research is based on formal legal, comparative legal, systemic, and doctrinal methods. The author argues that although the classic features of fraud remain unchanged in the digital environment, prevention becomes more difficult because of new methods of deception, specific ways of influencing victims, the electronic nature of evidence, and the transnational component of such acts. The study proposes clarifying legal qualification, improving procedures for securing digital traces, strengthening early victim protection, enhancing cooperation with banks and online platforms, and systematizing information-analytical work.

The article examines the criminal law concept of an organized group in the context of the development of digital crime. It considers modern forms of organized criminal activity based on the use of information and communication technologies, digital platforms, and anonymous means of interaction. The criminal legislation of the Republic of Kazakhstan and several foreign countries regulating the characteristics of an organized group is analyzed. The study substantiated the need for a comprehensive assessment of such systemic characteristics of an organized group as the continuity of criminal activity, the stability and number of participants, the clear coordination of their actions, and the ability to use digital technologies to achieve criminal goals. The necessity of assessing stability through the group's ability to ensure the continuity of criminal activity, coordinate the actions of its participants, and use digital technologies to achieve criminal objectives is substantiated. Based on the findings, proposals are formulated to improve the judicial interpretation of the characteristics of an organized group under modern conditions.

The activity of mercenaries constitutes a serious criminal phenomenon that directly endangers the peace, stability, and security of the international community. Mercenaries are individuals who, by engaging in armed conflict for private gain, acquire a particular legal status that subjects them to criminal liability. Their involvement is prohibited under the legislation of most states, as well as under key international legal instruments, precisely because such actions undermine lawful military structures, fuel conflicts, and jeopardize fundamental human rights.

Given the complexity and gravity of this issue, the present study sets out as its main objective a comprehensive juridical-criminal analysis of offenses connected to mercenary activity. This includes examining the legal definitions, the constitutive elements of such crimes, the forms of participation, as well as the measures adopted at both national and international levels to prevent, sanction, and combat mercenarism.

The present article analyze key impediments of collating official criminal statistics related to criminal offenses unified by the conception of “cybercrime”. A long-term analysis of their dynamics over five years exposed numerous of discrepancies that adversely affect the analysis of the criminogenic risk assessments in this area. Inter alia, this is the informational deficiency on certain infractions. Additionally, there is a lack of information in criminal statistics on a range of offenses that evince the existing conditions in crucial sectors, including larceny and drug-related violations. Analogous depiction arise with regard to promotion of hostility, public calls for the coup d'état and separatism. Aforementioned unlawful acts are primarily dedicated in the information ecosystem and utilizing new technologies. Drawing from the preceding, it is proposed to supplement official statistics with these important indicators.

The article examines educational work with convicts held in minimum-security institutions of the Republic of Kazakhstan, including those actually involved in labour activities. It argues that minimum security is not limited to a less restrictive regime, but also places a special burden on targeted support, since employed convicts more often interact with employers, social networks and the external environment. Based on legislation, departmental empirical data and scholarly approaches, the article substantiates the need to link educational influence with risk assessment, stable law-abiding behaviour and resocialization. It is noted that a formal count of activities does not show their preventive value unless the causes of violations and behavioural dynamics are considered. The article proposes clarifying departmental rules, strengthening interagency cooperation, applying elements of dynamic security and introducing individual support programmes aimed at public safety.

The article examines the problems of implementing law enforcement functions by the military police of the Armed Forces of the Republic of Kazakhstan. Based on a functional analysis, the author studies the legal status, competence, and practical activities of military police bodies.

Particular attention is paid to the issues of duplication of powers with military command bodies, performance of non-core functions, insufficient effectiveness of preventive activities, and inconsistency between the organizational structure and the objectives of maintaining law and order in the armed forces. The article analyzes the impact of these factors on military discipline, crime prevention, and the implementation of law enforcement powers.

Problems of legal regulation, methodological support, and the absence of a risk-oriented prevention model are also considered. The author concludes that it is necessary to strengthen the law enforcement specialization of military police bodies and improve the preventive model of maintaining military law and order.

The article examines official crimes in the field of public procurement as a latent economic and legal mechanism for embezzling budget funds, implemented through formally lawful procurement procedures. It is substantiated that such crimes are not limited to isolated violations of tender rules, but constitute a prearranged system of managerial decisions aimed at redistributing public finances in favor of affiliated or controlled entities. Based on the analysis of pre-trial investigation materials, judicial practice and supervisory findings, the article identifies typical schemes of restricting competition, artificial splitting of procurements, tailoring technical specifications to a predetermined supplier, unjustified overpricing of goods, works and services, and fictitious performance of public contracts. Special attention is paid to evidentiary problems arising from the high degree of formalization of procurement activities, the masking of criminal intent as business expediency and the need to identify actual beneficiaries. The article formulates proposals aimed at improving the tactics of detecting and proving embezzlement of budget funds in public procurement, including early analysis of managerial decisions, financial flows, affiliation of participants and the actual results of contract performance.

The article examines the legal mechanisms for use of confiscated property and proceeds from its sale in foreign countries and analyzes prospects for improving the relevant institution in the Republic of Kazakhstan. Using a comparative legal analysis, models for managing confiscated assets in neighboring and non-CIS countries are examined. Particular attention is paid to legal systems where legislation provides for the allocation of a portion of confiscated assets to the development of the material and technical base of law enforcement agencies. A scientific discussion was held regarding the admissibility of funding law enforcement activities with confiscated funds. The need for a centralized system for recording confiscated property and special fund for confiscated assets in the Republic of Kazakhstan was substantiated. Proposals for improving national legislation were developed.

The article examines institutional and procedural problems of public prosecution in Kazakhstan in the context of adversarial proceedings, the presumption of innocence, procedural fairness and the protection of human rights. The purpose of the study is to develop a scientifically grounded model for improving the status of the public prosecutor and the organizational foundations of courtroom prosecution. The methodological basis includes formal-legal, comparative-legal and systemic methods, analysis of the current legislation of the Republic of Kazakhstan, foreign and post-Soviet experience, international standards, as well as scholarly and expert sources. It is substantiated that the existing model combines the prosecutor’s procedural duty to act objectively with organizational dependence on the general prosecutorial hierarchy. The study proposes a specialized vertical of public prosecutors, a collegial mechanism for resolving disagreements, a written procedure for changing the prosecutorial position and safeguards aimed at reducing accusatory bias and improving the quality of public prosecution.

 The article examines the features of the legal regulation of digital evidence in criminal proceedings in the Republic of Kazakhstan and the European Union. The relevance of the topic is driven by the growing level of cybercrime and the increasing use of electronic data in criminal investigations. The legal nature of digital evidence, its role in the system of proof, as well as the procedures for collection, fixation, and evaluation in criminal proceedings are analyzed. The study compares Kazakhstan’s approach, based on general provisions of the Criminal Procedure Code and flexible law enforcement practice, with the European Union’s model characterized by detailed regulation and standardization. Issues of legal uncertainty, technical capacity, and cross-border access to data are identified. The study concludes with recommendations on improving national legislation, strengthening procedural safeguards, and introducing unified standards for handling digital evidence.

The article examines the issues of legal support for environmental expertise within the judicial system of the Republic of Kazakhstan. The aim of the study is to conduct a comprehensive analysis of the legal mechanisms governing the use of environmental expertise in judicial proceedings and to develop proposals for improving its legal regulation. The study identifies key problems within the current legal framework of environmental expertise and analyzes their impact on judicial practice. Among the main challenges are the fragmentation and inconsistency of regulatory legal acts, the insufficiently defined professional status and liability of experts, the ambiguity of procedural rules, and the institutional weakness of the independent expert institution. The scientific novelty of the research lies in developing a conceptual approach to improving the legal regulation of judicial environmental expertise based on a comparative legal analysis of international practices and the national regulatory model. The research employs system-structural, comparative legal, and empirical methods, enabling a comparative assessment of foreign experience and Kazakhstan’s judicial practice. As a result, several practical recommendations are proposed, including the systematization of the regulatory framework, clarification of the legal status of experts, improvement of professional certification and accreditation mechanisms, the introduction of unified methodological standards for conducting expert examinations, and the digitalization of expert procedures. The implementation of these measures will contribute to more effective resolution of environmental disputes, strengthening environmental safety, and improving the quality of justice.

The article analyzes the dialogues of Internet scammers from the perspective of psycholinguistics, neurolinguistic programming and criminology. The relevance of the study is due to the rapid growth of cybercrimes committed by social engineering methods that pose a threat to national security. The empirical base consisted of 530 audio recordings of telephone conversations between intruders and Anti-Call Center operators (with a total duration of more than 105 hours). Methodologically, the work is based on discourse analysis, content analysis, and a structural and functional approach. As a result, key manipulative patterns were identified: strategies for establishing authority through imitation of official status and professional jargon; psychological triggers of scarcity, fear, and gratuitousness; reframing techniques for receiving SMS codes; techniques for inducing a trance state and emotional swings. The methods of victim resistance are analyzed separately logical audit, humor and bringing to the point of absurdity. The foreign experience of regulating AI and synthetic content (EU, UK, Singapore, China, India) is considered. Practical recommendations are formulated for citizens, law enforcement agencies, banks and developers of digital security systems.

The purpose of the study is to determine the understanding of the life success of a person among Generation Z students studying at the university and its relationship with ethical norms. Accordingly, the study used questionnaires and data and document analysis methods. The study was conducted among students of two different specialties: law and philological sciences. The results show that while law students value qualities related to a person's socioeconomic status and attitude to work, philological students attach more importance to a person's moral and emotional qualities and their manifestation in action. Young students continue to adhere to traditional cultural values and consider them important for achieving success. However, the established views are not stable, and the adaptation of young people of this generation to life may change depending on their professional and living environment.

This article examines the relationship between the universalism of human rights and cultural relativism in the practice of international and regional judicial bodies. Based on a comparative legal analysis, the study explores the activities of the European Court of Human Rights, the Inter-American Court of Human Rights, the International Court of Justice of the United Nations, as well as international criminal tribunals and the International Criminal Court. The findings demonstrate that universalism constitutes the fundamental basis of the international human rights protection system, ensuring the inviolability of core standards, including the right to life, the prohibition of torture, non-discrimination, and other peremptory norms of international law. At the same time, regional judicial bodies have developed different approaches to incorporating cultural context, ranging from «culturally sensitive universalism» in the European system to «culturally oriented universalism» in the Inter-American framework. International criminal courts and the International Court of Justice adhere to a stricter model of universalism, under which cultural and historical considerations cannot limit the application of fundamental legal norms. The analysis reveals an emerging multi-level model of legal implementation in which universal standards are combined with due consideration of cultural diversity.