RIGHT WITHOUT EQUALITY: STALKING AND DOMESTIC VIOLENCE TRAPPED IN COLLISIONS

The article is devoted to the study of the legal collision and disproportionality of liability for stalking and domestic violence in the legislation of the Republic of Kazakhstan. In September 2025, criminal liability for stalking (Article 115-1 of the Criminal Code) was introduced, reflecting the recognition of the social danger of this act and its compliance with international practice. However, the analysis of legal norms revealed duplication of the objective elements of stalking and administrative offenses related to the violation of a protection order (Article 461 of the Code of Administrative Offenses) and non-execution of court decisions (Article 669 of the Code of Administrative Offenses). It has been established that criminal liability applies to the general subject (any sane person from the age of 16), whereas special subjects in domestic relations (spouse, former spouse, relative) bear only administrative liability, despite the similarity of actions. Such inconsistency reduces the level of protection for the most vulnerable categories of victims and contradicts the principles of justice and equality before the law. The article substantiates possible ways of eliminating legal uncertainty, including the extension of the criminal composition of stalking to domestic relations and the preservation of administrative liability as a preventive measure.

1. Mechanic, M.B. Intimate Partner Violence and Stalking Behavior: Exploration of Patterns and Correlates in a Sample of Acutely Battered Women / M.B. Mechanic, T.L. Weaver, P.A. Resick // Violence and Victims. – 2000. – Vol. 15. – Is 1.

2. Spitzberg, B.H. The State of the Art of Stalking: Taking Stock of the Emerging Literature / B.H. Spitzberg, W.R. Cupach // Aggression and Violent Behavior. – 2007. – Vol. 12. Is. 1. – Рр. 64-86.

3. Pathe, M., & Mullen, P. E. The impact of stalkers on their victims // British Journal of Psychiatry.1. – 1997. – Vol. 170(01). – Рр. 12-17.

4. Brady, P.Q. The Dark Figure of Stalking: Examining Law Enforcement Response / P.Q. Brady, M.R. Nobles // J Interpers Violence. – 2017. – Vol. 32 (20). – Рр. 3149-3173.

5. Saparalieva, S.M. Problemy primenenija individual'nyh mer profilaktiki bytovogo nasilija / S.M. Saparalieva, A.S. Kuatova, G.E. Aubakirova // Құқyқ қorғau organdary akademijasynyң Zharshysy. – 2019. – № 4 (14). – S. 16-23.

6. Gajdukov, A.A. Osobennosti preduprezhdenija pravonarushenij v sfere semejno-bytovyh otnoshenij v Respublike Kazahstan i Rossijskoj Federacii / A.A. Gajdukov, B.M. Sejtakova. – Barnaul: Barnaul'skij juridicheskij institut MVD RF, 2022. – 120 s.

7. Avgusthan, S.A. Қazaқstan Respublikasyndaғy tұrmystyқ zorlyқ-zombylyқpen bajlanysty қorқytudyң kejbіr mәselelerі /s.A. Avgusthan, R.A. Mediev // Құқyқ қorғau organdary akademijasynyң Zharshysy. – 2024. – № 2 (32). – S. 73-79.

8. Rufanova, V.N. Ugolovno-pravovaja model' reagirovanija na domashnee nasilie v Ukraine / V.N. Rufanova // Құқyқ қorғau organdary akademijasynyң Zharshysy. – 2022. – № 3 (25). – S. 53-59.

9. S.M. Rahmetov. Ugolovnaja otvetstvennost' za stalking [Jelektronnyj resurs] – Rezhim dostupa: https://online.zakon.kz/Document/?doc_id=35517014&pos=6;-108#pos=6;-108 (data obrashhenija: 17.10.2025).

10. Djusenbaeva, A.K. Stalking v ugolovnom zakonodatel'stve Respubliki Kazahstan: realii i perspektivy / A.K. Djusenbaeva, U.E. Tugelbaev // Habarshy-Vestnik. – 2022. – № 4 (78). – S. 52-56.

11. Akimzhanov, E.S. Administrativno-pravovaja zashhita ot domashnego nasilija v Respublike Kazahstan: dis. kand. jurid. nauk / E.S. Akimzhanov. – M., 2023. – 261 s.