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<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">vestnikacademy</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Вестник академии правоохранительных органов </journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Bulletin of the Law Enforcement Academy</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">2518-7252</issn><issn pub-type="epub">3079-4609</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Академия правоохранительных органов при Генеральной прокуратуре Республики Казахстан</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.52425/25187252_2026_40_161</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">vestnikacademy-390</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>МЕЖДУНАРОДНОЕ ПУБЛИЧНОЕ И ЧАСТНОЕ ПРАВО</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>INTERNATIONAL LAW AND COMPARATIVE LAW</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>УНИВЕРСАЛИЗМ И КУЛЬТУРНЫЙ РЕЛЯТИВИЗМ ПРАВ ЧЕЛОВЕКА: СРАВНИТЕЛЬНО-ПРАВОВОЙ АНАЛИЗ ПРАКТИКИ МЕЖДУНАРОДНЫХ И РЕГИОНАЛЬНЫХ СУДЕБНЫХ ОРГАНОВ</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>UNIVERSALISM AND CULTURAL RELATIVISM OF HUMAN RIGHTS: A COMPARATIVE LEGAL ANALYSIS OF THE PRACTICE OF INTERNATIONAL AND REGIONAL JUDICIAL BODIES</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Батырбекова</surname><given-names>Б. К.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Batyrbekova</surname><given-names>B. K.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Батырбекова Балнур Каримбаевна старший преподаватель школы Креативной экономики и права, магистр юридических наук</p><p>г. Алматы</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Batyrbekova Balnur Karimbayevna Senior Lecturer at the School of Creative Economy and Law, Master of Law Sciences</p><p>Almaty</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">kanaternat@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Усенбаева</surname><given-names>А. У.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Usenbayeva</surname><given-names>A. U.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Усенбаева Асемгуль Узакбаевна старший преподаватель школы Креативной экономики и права, магистр юридических наук</p><p>г. Алматы</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Usenbayeva Asemgul Uzakbayevna Senior Lecturer at the School of Creative Economy and Law, Master of Law Sciences</p><p>Almaty</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">assemgul.ussenbayeva@yu.edu.kz</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>META University</institution><country>Казахстан</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>META University</institution><country>Kazakhstan</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2026</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>25</day><month>06</month><year>2026</year></pub-date><volume>0</volume><issue>2 (40)</issue><fpage>161</fpage><lpage>170</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Батырбекова Б.К., Усенбаева А.У., 2026</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2026</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Батырбекова Б.К., Усенбаева А.У.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Batyrbekova B.K., Usenbayeva A.U.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://vestnikacademy.ejournal.kz/jour/article/view/390">https://vestnikacademy.ejournal.kz/jour/article/view/390</self-uri><abstract><p>Статья посвящена исследованию соотношения универсализма прав человека и культурного релятивизма в практике международных и региональных судебных органов. На основе сравнительно-правового анализа рассмотрена деятельность Европейского суда по правам человека, Межамериканского суда по правам человека, Международного суда ООН, а также международных уголовных трибуналов и Международного уголовного суда. Показано, что универсализм выступает фундаментальной основой международной системы защиты прав человека, обеспечивая неизменность базовых стандартов, включая право на жизнь, запрет пыток, дискриминации и других норм императивного характера. Вместе с тем региональные судебные органы демонстрируют различные модели учета культурного контекста: от «культурно-чувствительного универсализма» в европейской системе до «культурно ориентированного универсализма» в межамериканской практике. Международные уголовные суды и Международный суд ООН закрепляют более строгий универсализм, при котором культурные и исторические аргументы не могут ограничивать действие фундаментальных норм. На основе анализа выявлена тенденция формирования многоуровневой модели правоприменения, в которой универсальные стандарты сочетаются с учетом культурного многообразия.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>This article examines the relationship between the universalism of human rights and cultural relativism in the practice of international and regional judicial bodies. Based on a comparative legal analysis, the study explores the activities of the European Court of Human Rights, the Inter-American Court of Human Rights, the International Court of Justice of the United Nations, as well as international criminal tribunals and the International Criminal Court. The findings demonstrate that universalism constitutes the fundamental basis of the international human rights protection system, ensuring the inviolability of core standards, including the right to life, the prohibition of torture, non-discrimination, and other peremptory norms of international law. At the same time, regional judicial bodies have developed different approaches to incorporating cultural context, ranging from «culturally sensitive universalism» in the European system to «culturally oriented universalism» in the Inter-American framework. International criminal courts and the International Court of Justice adhere to a stricter model of universalism, under which cultural and historical considerations cannot limit the application of fundamental legal norms. The analysis reveals an emerging multi-level model of legal implementation in which universal standards are combined with due consideration of cultural diversity.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>права человека</kwd><kwd>универсализм</kwd><kwd>культурный релятивизм</kwd><kwd>международные суды</kwd><kwd>Европейский суд по правам человека</kwd><kwd>Межамериканский суд по правам человека</kwd><kwd>Международный суд ООН</kwd><kwd>международное уголовное право</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>human rights</kwd><kwd>universalism</kwd><kwd>cultural relativism</kwd><kwd>international courts</kwd><kwd>European Court of Human Rights</kwd><kwd>Inter-American Court of Human Rights</kwd><kwd>International Court of Justice</kwd><kwd>international criminal law</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Eshetu, Y. 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